A Comprehensive Evaluation of Gridded L-, C-, and X-Band Microwave Soil Moisture Product over the CZO in the Central Ganga Plains, India

Recent developments in passive microwave remote sensing have provided an effective tool for monitoring global soil moisture (SM) observations on a spatiotemporal basis, filling the gap of uneven in-situ measurement distribution. In this paper, four SM products from three bands (L, C, and X) are evaluated using observations, over dry–wet cycle agricultural (mostly paddy/wheat crops) critical zone observatory (CZO) Central Ganga basin, India. The L-band C/X-band information Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) Enhanced Level 3 (SMAP-L3) Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2), respectively, was selected evaluation. AMSR2 used here were derived Land Parameter Retrieval Model (LPRM) algorithm. Spatially averaged 20 distributed locations initially calibrated with single continuous station to obtain long-term ground-based data. Furthermore, several statistical metrices along triple collocation (TC) error model evaluate overall accuracy random variance products. results indicated superior performance SMAP-L3 slight dry bias (?0.040 m3·m?3) correlation 0.712 observations. This also met requirement (0.04 during most seasons modest (0.059 entire experimental period. Among LPRM datasets, C1 C2 behaved similarly (R = 0.621) ubRMSE 0.068 0.081, respectively. X-band product showed relatively poor compared other Seasonal analysis revealed higher all satellite monsoon season, indicating strong seasonality precipitation. TC lowest (0.02 ± 0.003 SMAP-L3. end, we introduced Spearman’s rank assess dynamic response climatic vegetation parameters.